Актуальные проблемы философии и социологии

ТЕРМІН «АНТИНОМІЯ» ТА БЛИЗЬКІ ЗА ЗМІСТОМ ТЕРМІНИ У РЕЛІГІЙНОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

М. Я. Антонюк — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article gives an overall description of the concept of antinomy in a theological context. although the concept is not only used in theology. The article explains how the concept of "antinomy" exists in theology and
how it is justified. The ontological and epistemological as well as positive and negative aspects of antinomy are also described. It is shown that antynomy in theology has practical effects on Christian way of living and theoretical consequences for Christian doctrine. It is affirmed that the concept of antynomy signifies the suprarational content of Christian creeds, which formal logic tries to rationalize, often giving these truths an irrational character. There is also an overview of some definitions of the notion of antynomy. Based on the materials studied, the definition of the term antinomy is suggested which is building upon the works of theologians of the XX century (V. M. Lossky, archbishop Kallist (Uer), ven. Justin (Popovich), archim. Cyprian (Kern), prot. George Florovsky, prot. John Meiendorf, priest Pavel Florensky, archim. Sophronius (Sakharov)). A logical form of antynomy is defined, which made possible the completion of a comparative analysis of other terms close to it in meaning, namely: aporia, asyndeton, absurd, nonsense, sophistry, paralogism (fallacy), contradiction, paradox and oxymoron. Every term is attached a definition along with examples of use. It is shown that in theology the term sophistry is used exclusively in its negative sense while some terms are never used by theologians. To reveal the meaning of the term antinomy, a difference between contradiction and opposition is pointed at. The term antynomism is a cognate word to antynomy so a distinction of the two terms is described. Special attention is given to notions of asydenton and oxymoron as being very close in their meanings. It is noted that while asydenton serves as an external verbal form to articulate antynomies (an example from the Holy Scripture is given), oxymoron is used in religious poetry as an artistic means for the figurative expression of antinomies illustrated with examples taken from liturgical texts.

ПОЛІСТИЛІСТИКА ФРАНЦУЗЬКОГО МУЗИЧНОГО ІМПРЕСІОНІЗМУ

А. Ю. Ареф’єва — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to defining the work of French Impressionists in music, who worked in the Diaghilev’s seasons. M. Ravel and C. Debussy not only took part in the seasons, but also were closed friends with I. Stravinsky. In particular, «Sacred Spring» was influenced by Debussy’s music. The synthesis of the arts in the space of the seasons was carried out as a synthetic musical image, where the dialogue of cultures became the path of development of European music. Ravel was a master who extremely sharply combined the realities of different stylistic systems, in particular his orchestration of Mussorgsky’s «Paintings from the Exhibition» became one of the first experiences of French-Russian dialogue. M. Ravel, in contrast to C. Debussy, was existentially open to the inner space of the stage. The scenicism of his works turned into a certain panscenicism. The composer’s works become a kind of emblem of the musical Olympus, which appeal to the golden age of music, give the opportunity to hear the synthetic intentions of music of the early twentieth century. Impressionism is not so common term to use in the musical space. It is more associated with the totality of the reflection, the system of writing that
brings the artist to the open air, makes light and color the most important actants of the creative event. To what
extent can the universals of light and color be considered musical? There are no unambiguous interpretations and we can only say that the synthesis, which is understood not only in psychological terms, but in artistic, cultural, is inherent in these masters. Synthesis as a polymodal perception, the perception of «intervals» of sensory modalities, intervals of audience, visual and tactile reception played a huge role, took place at the level of various arts. Musical synesthesia becomes the basis of syncresis and synthesis of arts, where the polymodal image was formed in the stage space. Thus, it is important to describe the musical image of the polystylistics of French Impressionism in the language of painting.

ЕПОХА ПОСТПРАВДИ: ФАКТОРИ ВИНИКНЕННЯ І ВИЖИВАННЯ

Т. О. Гайналь, І. В. Кучера, С. І. Білоус — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The post-truth as a concept and phenomenon of modern society is examined. The peculiarities of understanding the concepts «post-truth» and «truth» in the vocabulary of modern philosophy are detected. The authors analyze the main features of the global «post-truth era» and the way it manifests itself in different spheres of social life (political, personal, information and communication). The communication transformations of modern society, and especially its partial demassification, have analyzed. From now, communication is implemented both in a «mass» format (the media address to large audience), and in the presence of such circumstance where the recipient of information can become a communicator by choice and technical ability. The theoretical factor of post-truth has examined. The scientists identify Postmodern philosophy as one of the conditions for the development of post-truth. However, the problem of the philosopher’s responsibility for the practical implementation of theories in the social space requires further study. A set of social factors of the post-truth era and their consequences have been identified. Among them are the active political struggle in information space maintained both by the efforts of mass media and social media (including users or their communities); the transfer of post-truth from the policy to other spheres of social life. The technical and technological factors of post-truth have highlighted: digitalization, mass communication of every participant who want to report or hear something and uses electronic gadget and access to the internet. The personal factors of post-truth have described. These are the formation of the sense of belonging (the person feels that can influence social processes), the detection of his or her subjectivity, autonomy, personal ability to create «truth» and the criteria for the fact-checking. Propaganda and fakes have been identified as tools of post-truth in the information and social space. The main recommendations for minimizing their impact on factchecking, civic position, and social activity have described.

СВОБОДА ЯК ФІЛОСОФСЬКО-АНТРОПОЛОГІЧНА ПРОБЛЕМА

О. В. Голубовська — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article considers the issue of freedom as a philosophical and anthropological problem that arises in modern realities as a personal problem for every seriously thinking person. Freedom was, is and will continue to be one of the most important and necessary values, without which a full-fledged self-fulfilling existence is impossible. Awareness of the existence of freedom as a capacity for self-determination, its statement is inextricable connection with moral responsibility. Without freedom in human life, it is impossible to explain either the sense of responsibility and morality, nor the efforts, nor the hopes of people, nor the endless and unpredictable turns of history. It is through the exercise of free action that human cognition is able to achieve completeness of content. Through will, we must decide and decide, guided by reason and understanding of what we want to be and what we should be in life. We are able to give meaning and meaning to our own activities, and through it to existence itself. At the same time, we outline the most characteristic and inalienable dimension of human will – the dimension of freedom. Freedom as a phenomenon of opportunity and choice becomes the dominant definition in democratically developed countries. Freedom as an essential feature of human existence acquires its own specific forms of manifestation under the influence of socio-cultural factors. Man as a social being, satisfying the need for self-realization, is able to change the social environment and social conditions, find his place in society, develop and form under the influence of social determinants, while removing negative determinism through the ability to own and dispose of freedom. The desire of the human will for good depends on the possibility of free choice of man. Our freedom is determined by the content of choice, not by the ability to choose. Therefore, a person is freer the better he chooses, and the better he chooses, the more good he chooses. Thanks to the existence of freedom, the individual realizes the meaning of his life. But in the process of selfrealization and self development, only a person who has individual freedom is able to control not only external circumstances, but also his own aspirations. It is freedom that makes a person a creative person who is able to bring new things into the world.

ТЕМПОРАЛЬНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ ЛЮДИНИ ПІД ЧАС І ПІСЛЯ ВІЙНИ НА ПРИКЛАДАХ З РОМАНІВ Е. ГЕМІНҐВЕЯ «ПРОЩАВАЙ, ЗБРОЄ!» ТА Е. М. РЕМАРКА «ТРИ ТОВАРИШІ»

О. О. Гончарова — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the issue of temporal strategies that a person adopts for himself/herself during and after experiencing the tragedy of war and which can cause deep existential crises. The temporal strategies of the heroes of the novels of writers of the “lost generation” – E. Hemingway “Farewell to Arms!” and E.M. Remarque’s “Three Comrades” – are analyzed. And it is determined that a person who experiences war and its consequences is characterized by a kind of immersion in one of the time modes and a certain temporal gap, i.e., a subjective loss of connection between fragments of life time. A person can immerse himself/herself in the current moment of the present, completely not paying attention to the causes of such a present, nor to its likely consequences. He/she can plunge into nostalgia for images of a lost ghostly past, while neglecting his/her present and the real possibilities that open up in it. He/she can indulge in images of a ghostly future that he/she longs for or dreads, and also lose touch with his/her current situation. In each of these three temporal strategies, there is a kind of giving to a certain temporal mode of ersatz eternity, in which the individual consciously or unconsciously seeks to “conserve” the images of his/her ideal life. However, over time, these images are inevitably destroyed by reality, and it leads to a deep existential crisis and a feeling of general disappointment. The heroes of the novels feel cheated by time, which they cannot tame and conquer. Alternatively, the novels hint at a different type of temporal strategies – when the individual does not fight time and does not condemn it, but humbly accepts its flow and consciously acts in it, preserving his/her mental and spiritual health. Our analysis of the temporal strategies of the heroes of the above-mentioned novels can be useful and relevant for real people who are experiencing the war and its tragic consequences, in particular, for modern Ukrainians. It allows us to see that not “turning off” the clock and plunging into the world of illusions, not trying to somehow hide from the war in a certain temporal mode really helps to survive it, but rather the inclusion of the narrative of the war in one’s personal history and conscious actions in this narrative, based on the coordinates of personal principles.

КРИЗА РАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ В ЗАХІДНОЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІЙ ФІЛОСОФІЇ

Р. І. Данканіч — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The presented article analyzes the crisis of rationalism in modern Western European thought. It's shown Its origins (modern era), evolution (Enlightenment), and present-day condition (20-century philosophy). Genetically and historically, rationalism as a philosophical direction arises precisely in the philosophy of the New Age thanks to the efforts of R. Descartes, who defined its worldview and methodological connotations. The Cartesian principle of the ego and the justification of obviousness became the foundation for modern science and epistemology. In the course of the development of this type of philosophy, various directions began to emerge. Philosophers and researchers claim to be the following varieties of rationality: the rationality of enlightenment, the rationality of science, and the rationality of technology. Additionally, they draw attention to the fact that there is another type of rationality – socio-historical since the latter never exists in a vacuum. It is concluded that the postmodern critique of rationalism is found in the works of P. Feyerabend and R. Rorty. According to P.Feyerabend rationalism was established by the Western culture, indicating objective and universality. Such a philosophy, he claims, was imposed on the whole world. Concerning science, P.Feyerabend points out that it is a free-oriented research without frames an restrictions. Science, he states, is the same way of world knowledge as cultural practices. The key principle of such epistemology is the concept of «Anything Goes» (Everything is possible), which opposes the traditional scientific method, contrasting it with opportunism. In R. Rorty’s opinion, rationalism was always accompanied by the concept of objectivity and claimed to be a discourse of timelessness and spatiality. According to the philosopher, rationalism is an element of the language game; therefore, it does not have any distinct differences from irrationalism. It belongs to the outdated dictionary of classical philosophy and epistemology, which must be dismissed.

КРИТИЧНИЙ ПЕРЕГЛЯД ОНТОЛОГІЧНИХ ЗАСАД АЛЕТИЧНОЇ ЛОГІКИ

І. З. Дуцяк — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The subject of the research is the revision of the ontological principles of alethic logic and the construction of a modal system on this basis. As a model (both for revising the principles and for building a modal system), the approach formed by the author during research in the field of deontic logic is taken. According to this approach, the logical relationship between the norms "obligatory", "forbidden" and "permitted" should be described by a triangle. In this case, the validity of one (arbitrary) of the three norms means the invalidity of the other two norms. For the correct selection of modal operators to the alethic modal system, the classification of the attributes of phenomena «real» («valid»), «unreal» («invalid»), «accidental», «necessary», «possible» and «impossible» was performed. It is accepted that to construct an alethic modal system (similarly to the construction of a deontic modal system), three modal operators are sufficient – real (valid), possible, impossible. We define a random phenomenon as not caused in connection with the events analyzed in a particular context (each phenomenon is necessary in one context, and accidental in another). Thus the accidental is that which must not necessarily occur (is not necessary) and must not necessarily not occur (is not impossible). In this case, it is identical to the possible. Therefore, the distinction between the accidental and the possible, at least in the context of alethic modalities, can be assessed as artificial. The rules are built according to the principles: 1) if we are not at any particular vertex of the triangle, then we are at one of the other two; 2) if we are at a particular vertex of the triangle, then we are not at any of the other two (each two options may be invalid at the same time) and others. The performed research made it possible to clarify which sets of modal operators are correct to combined in alethic modal systems. It is concluded that the assumption about the possibility of describing alethic modalities on the basis of a triangle of relations has been confirmed - a modal system has been built that can be used, for example, in the practice of reasoning.

ОСВІТНІ РЕФОРМИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ФІЛОСОФСЬКИХ ЗАСАД ОСВІТИ ДЛЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

І. С. Карпань — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the consideration of the philosophical and educational dimension of the impact of the conceptual foundations of sustainable development on educational innovations, which should be interpreted primarily as maximizing the humanitarian dimension of sustainable development. There are two global goals: first, it is the formation of the younger generation's understanding of the directions and resources of the transition to coevolutionary mechanisms of social development; secondly, providing young people with skills and abilities for practical activities in the renewal of their own lives and social environment in the context of sustainable development. Only by relying on a solid philosophical foundation, education for sustainable development can provide the modernization transformations of the content of education and the educational process planned within the concept of the new Ukrainian school. Accordingly, the formation of innovative and creative personality as a task of educational reforms is determined primarily by the tasks of conscious social involvement of the younger generation in the process of forming a sustainable society. Therefore, the main direction of the impact of sustainable development guidelines on modern educational reforms in our country should be considered the reorientation of educational activities to a model goal in the form of an innovative person who seeks self-actualization and has the potential for creativity. Such a focus on educational change within the concept of sustainable development makes it the most effective tool for the spiritual content of educational activities. Education for sustainable development in this sense acts as the most effective representation of creative and innovative education, which is characterized by the most favorable environment for self-development, constructive communication, creativity of each educational entity. At the same time, it is a question of practical reorientation of educational activity, as the fundamental dimension of creativity is the ability to think outside the box to solve certain problems of life.

РОЗУМІННЯ ХАОСУ ЯК БЕЗЛАДУ В ФІЛОСОФІЇ ТА НАУЦІ

Р. Ю. Коперльос — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The emergence of the idea of considering chaos as disorder and chaos as order in modern scientific discourse is due to the transition of science from classical to nonclassical and post-classical stages of its development. Paradigmatic shifts that require semantic explication of the concept of «chaos» in a certain discourse are associated with a synergetic research program and the formation of complex and nonlinear styles of scientific thinking. The synergetic discourse highlights the understanding of chaos as an important factor of self-organization and the emphasis on the fact that the transition from chaos to order is spontaneous and as a result of a random combination of external and internal factors of system development. This thesis is of fundamental importance when the researcher is faced with a non-trivial task to assess the productivity and viability of very popular today attempts to extend the principles of nonlinearity and synergistic methodology in the field of socio-cultural phenomena and economic development. In such an exchange it is implied that chaos is order, orderliness, but such an interpretation of this concept has not always been. In pre-classical science, chaos is often seen as the result of the loss of the organization and its disintegration into elements. Moreover, sometimes in chaos they see an active destructive beginning without any positive signs. The purpose of the article is to explain and systematize ideas about chaos as a disorder in the context of its research in pre-post-classical rationality. In particular, the works of Plato, O. Losev, O. Ovshinov, V. Budanov, I. Dobronravova, M. Gutsviller and other scientists were analyzed, who explained the interpretation of chaos as disorder. For it is precisely in developing the doctrine of the orderliness of the world that one cannot fail to mention the vision of what exactly is the opposite of this orderliness, that is, chaos, the primary chaotic state of the world that was ordered in the creation of space. That is, in relation to this disorder, there is a need to postulate the need to organize chaotic phenomena.

ВАРІАЦІЇ ІНКЛЮЗІЇ ТА ЕКСКЛЮЗІЇ В АЛЬТЕРНАТИВАХ ЕКОНОМІКИ, ПОЛІТИКИ І ОСВІТИ

А. А. Кравченко, М. В. Ліпін — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The urgency of implementation of principles of inclusion grows in the conditions of dynamic acceleration of the globalized information and digital world. Therefore, there is a need to study inclusive education as an important prerequisite for the development of a sustainable and inclusive society. The adequacy of understanding the essence of inclusive education depends on its study in the context of the wider social system. The discourse of inclusive education often unfolds allegedly contrary to the principles of inclusion – isolated from the problems of politics, economics and society. Inclusive education is spoken of as something separate and specialized, i.e. something that is directly excluded from the scope of general questions about the essence of education and its dependance by the logic of the political and socio-economic development of society. From the point of view of the described position it becomes possible to think about inclusive education despite the exclusivity and closedness of the existing society, bypassing the metamorphosis of values and identities in the information world or ignoring, for example, the crisis of the general education system. In the article, the context of understanding inclusive education is a market economy and democratic politics, which determine the formation of two models of ensuring the unity of society: integration and inclusion. If the first is realized by adapting the individual to the functional requirements of the free market, the second one involves adapting interpersonal interaction to human needs. Inclusive democracy, unlike a market economy, cannot be predetermined by the "rules of the game". It is reestablished and reassembled at the point of disagreement, controversy and debate, and is therefore not identical with the monotonous harmony of social consensus, which conceals exclusion, inequality, and alienation behind the exterior positivity. Democracy, as well as "education for all", are designed to create a space for the manifestation of the unity of the diverse. Such unity is based on the recognition of the political or educational community as a result of the joint efforts of all participants in these processes. Where a community is not naturalized, where its institutionalized counterpart does not precede a living interpersonal interaction, it becomes possible to transform intersubjective unity according to the needs of each individual. In this way, real inclusion is possible, as opposed to integration, in which diversity is sacrificed to abstract coherence.

ЗМІНИ СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНИХ ОРІЄНТАЦІЙ ЛЮДИНИ В ЕПОХУ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОСТІ: РОЛЬ І ЗНАЧЕННЯ НАУКИ

О. Н. Кубальський — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The problem of significant worldview-axiological, socio-cultural, behavioral-motivational changes in human orientations of the global era of social turbulence is considered. Each person and humanity as a whole are forced to change, meeting the information reality, full of uncertainty, instability, unpredictability. The space of social turbulence requires new reactions, actions, life-creating strategies. The study substantiates the position that science should play a special role in the new socio-cultural orientations of man. The answer of science in the competitive struggle against pseudoscientific forms of worldview in the socio-turbulent space is its pragmatization and commercialization, aimed at finding ways to transform scientific potential into a resource to ensure competitiveness, economic and sustainable growth. It is emphasized that the leading trend in modern science is its transdisciplinarity, which characterizes a qualitatively new stage of integration of science into society, as well as a new model of interaction between knowledge and society, based on the desire to consider scientific achievements through the prism of man. The peculiarities of the development of modern science are also determined by the pressure of the threat of terrorism, military clashes and local or social explosion. Accordingly, the task of science is not only to protect one’s own development and society as a whole from these destructive factors, but also to counteract the dangers that arise during armed conflicts or as a result of wars and hostilities. The outlined factors determine the growing need to increase the innovative capacity of science, which is its ability to create innovations in order to further transform them into innovative products. Strengthening the innovation potential of domestic science requires revision and improvement of all stages of the innovation process in order to create effective cooperation «science – education – economics – innovation».

СУСПІЛЬНО-ПРАКТИЧНИЙ ВИМІР ПОШУКІВ ОНТОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАТУСУ ІНШОГО У ФІЛОСОФІЇ ХХ СТ.

А. С. Мельник — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article considers the socio-practical dimension of the philosophical search for the ontological status of Another in the twentieth century. The requirement to understand the status of Another in the context of the idea of multiculturalism and for the present challenges is shown. It seems logical to combine different types of Another into the following groups: significant Another, Another as a part of myself; Another than myself (the opposite); Another as a not myself, as a deviation from the usual norm of myself (marginal, woman, disabled, minority representatives, etc.); Another as a carrier of different culture ("foreigner"). Thus, the idea of Another is considered at the individual level (identity problem), dialogue between myself and yourself (the problem of mutual understanding), society and the cultural interaction. In the discourse of multiculturalism, a very significant contradiction should be taken into consideration as well, which is risky in the practical implementation of the multiculturalism ideas. The key massage of the modern, relevant pluralistic approach is "to understand another (foreign) culture", "to overcome otherness (alienation)", "to learn to live with another (stranger)" ignore the fact that "another/foreigner" is largely due to this approach exists: "another/alien" is just built in the discourse of the Foreigner. In fact, we witness that the question of "Another Culture" or "Another Bearer of Cultural Meanings" itself often leads to understanding "Another Culture" as "Foreign Culture". Meanwhile, multicultural interaction could generate variety of takeaways, from the trivial experience of heterogeneity to violent ones. In this perspective, the concept of Another becomes extremely important to discuss and to learn about, because it is directly related to the most common yet dangerous social confrontations. In this regard, meticulous, unbiased, devoid of ideological or other manipulations or interpretations of immersion in the discourse of Another could become a theoretical and socially practical basis for preventing such confrontations.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ГЕНДЕРНИХ МІФОЛОГЕМ У ЇХНІЙ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ З МЕДІЙНИМ ПРОСТОРОМ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ПОСТПОСТМОДЕРНУ

Н. О. Новокшонова — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Problem. Gender mythologemes presented in the radical socio-cultural changes at the beginning of the XXIst century show themselves extremely topical due to their postparadegmatic character under the conditions of the «uncertain» and «unsettled» issues of «post»- postmodern ideas and ideals. Those issues are often in the focus of the scientific interdisciplinary analysis concerning reproductions and functions of both the feminist policies and gender challenges in the spaces of pop-cultural impact in the territories of creating new mapping of the problematic gender mythologemes and myths. In the plurality character of the «post»- postmodern interpretations the hermeneutics with its accent on the interpretative role of «everybody» and «everything» is of great importance as a key to the postmodern idea of absolutes, which has deleted by postmodernism along with other classical values. The latter phenomenon is being represented in the masscultural use of the definite gender ideological constructs: narratives and mythologemes. This process is going on both explicitly and implicitly sharing the same goal – the aggressive attack on the classical absolutes and moral laws concerning the nature of men and women. Purpose. The objective of the article is to research the policies of the gender transformations and their interpretations in the context of the pop-cultural phenomena of the «post»-postmodern current situation. The methods of the research are based on the principles of the systematic approach with the focus on the interdisciplinary peculiarities of the reflexive comprehension of the «mythological» in the interpretative practices of the popcultural narratives at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The results of the research show that nowadays mass cultural narratives are realized both in the media space of the Internet and television including such giants as HBO, Netflix, Showtime, MTV, NBC, etc. and in the space of numerous bloggers, ticktokers and such like who nowadays possess unprecedented channels of influencing billions of people. The role of the glossy magazines and mass-cultural fiction should be taken into account too due to their traditional tendencies and influence on people in different countries on different continents. All mentioned above contribute to creating definite references with the aggressive appeal to make those references generally common. The mythological images created by mass-culture are directly connected with the potentials of pluralism and flexibility, and aimed at the fixation of the power relations of the radical reverse in the binary opposition «centre-margins». The last is burdened with the policies of substitution of feminism with gender discourses, the number of which is being constantly increased. On the other hand, the objectives of feminism have not been realized yet, which is evidently presented in the international movement #Me Too. The creation of new feminist movements and forms, which are changing the «post»-postmodern landscape in the global scope, is a proof of the validity of feminism as an institution, which possesses an immense sociocultural
and political potential.

ПОЛЕ КУЛЬТУРНОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА В ДОБУ ПОСТПРАВДИ

І. І. Пархоменко — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the specifics of the field of cultural production in the Post-truth era, using the methodology of Pierre Bourdieu. The relevance of the research is determined by informational threats in the conditions of war, the appearance of which is possible according to the reproduction of the "post-truth situation" in the modern society. The purpose of the article is to clarify the peculiarities of the functioning of the field of cultural production in the post-truth era. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the scientific articles of the French scientist P. Bourdieu, that are dedicated to the social reality that exists in the constant interaction of fields: economic and cultural production. The concept of "post-truth" is used to define the era as a period, the characteristic features of which are structural changes regarding to the acquisition and redistribution of cultural capital, possessed by a social agent, and its transformation into symbolic capital. The "post-truth situation" is formed in the field of cultural production as a practice of multiple interpretations produced by producers (experts). This becomes possible under the influence of the development of new media and digital technologies, which provide equal access for all to the creation and reproduction of content. The set of choices turns into a set of uncertainties for the consumer. This affects the type of his behavior, when he chooses which of the expert's interpretations he could trust. It was found that the modern field of cultural production, based on cultural capital as a set of resources, accumulates not only knowledge, but their numerous interpretations in the form of opinions of experts (producers). Social agents review accumulation strategies of cultural capital in its three states, in order to achieve their own economic and symbolic interests. The functioning of the field of cultural production in the post-truth era objectifies economic relations in this field, turning interpretations, emotions, doubts and assumptions of producers (experts) into goods. The legitimation of expert interpretations in the field of cultural production occurs as a result of the formation of a personal brand in the network through positioning on digital storefront. Further scientific discussions in the study of the functioning of the field of cultural production in the post-truth era can be aimed at clarifying the role of institutions in the field of cultural production and the accumulation of various types of capital in the context of the formation of trust in society.

СУЧАСНЕ МИСТЕЦТВО ЯК ПРЕДМЕТ СПОЖИВАННЯ

Я. С. Семко — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the modern art market, attempts to identify the specifics of art consumption. Commodity circulation of art objects (art objects) has become an objectively existing practice, the quintessence of which is the art market. This new fact affects the relationship between creators and consumers of the results of their intellectual and creative activities, affecting the very process of functioning of art in the socio-cultural practice of today. The concept of «art market» is firmly entrenched in the lexicon of modern culture. This institute is a system built on the links between artists and consumers. The frantic and passionate consumption of art, which involves a lot of people around the world, has turned the art market into a global institute that attracts the attention of both art professionals and a wide audience. News feeds are filled with reports of fresh price records, and more and more banks are opening up investments in works of art. The modern art market is characterized by globalization of its activities, changes in the traditional functions of art institutions and the hypertrophied role of professional intermediaries, lack of clear pricing policy and a priori inability to control prices, as well as virtualization. Its symptomatic feature is the passionate consumption of contemporary art. The level of prices for works of this category can be compared with the level of prices for time-tested art of old masters, the consumption of which, along with collector’s, is of an investment nature. In turn, "new" collectors who consume the latest art products are guided by other goals. The purchase of contemporary art, on the one hand, according to the methodology of J. Bataille, can be understood as a showy waste - a demonstrative destruction of wealth in order to confirm, maintain or improve their social status. On the other hand, the consumption of contemporary art is not a single act of purchase. Such consumption becomes a way of life. Through consumption, new elites are increasing their symbolic capital. Consumption of contemporary art has the character of cultural and social differentiation, a marker that allows you to distinguish «their» from «others».

СУТНІСНІ РИСИ АМЕРИКАНСЬКОГО ПРОСВІТНИЦТВА В ІСТОРІЇ РАННЬОЇ АМЕРИКАНСЬКОЇ ФІЛОСОФІЇ

Я. А. Соболєвський — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article deals with the main ideas and essential features of the American Enlightenment as a unique era in the history of early American philosophy. The main philosophical ideas of the era of the American Enlightenment have been thoroughly researched, analyzed and systematized, however, there is no single paradigm assessment of the essence of this historical phenomenon. In his research, one of the most famous researchers in the history of American philosophy, Herbert Wallace Schneider, negatively assesses the role of the American Enlightenment, focusing on the fact that the enlighteners did not offer a systemic doctrine, did not leave encyclopedic treatises as a legacy, but were mainly engaged in socio-political activities. In their pamphlets and letters, the enlighteners did not pay attention to such ideas as freedom, natural rights, religious freedom, liberal religion, freedom of thought, etc. A different opinion was the researcher Isaac Woodbridge Riley, who was optimistic about the legacy of the American Enlightenment. Deism, which replaced theism, offered completely new worldview guidelines, making it possible to reduce religion to ethics, and revelation to spiritual law in the natural world. According to Isaac Woodbridge Riley, the turn in the history of early American philosophy between Puritanism and the Enlightenment is clearly visible in the contrast of two figures, namely Cotton Mather and Thomas Paine. Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana (1702) posited Puritan theism and determinism, while Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason (1794–1802) criticized determinism, proclaiming reason as the key concept and measure. It is fair to say that the American Enlightenment was characterized not by the restoration of its own national idea, but by its search. The need for symbols that would form the basis for the formation of a new nation required intellectual research and active popularization work. In a simplified form, the American Enlightenment in philosophy had two directions: social and political, and natural science, exclusively in the aggregate characterizing the essential features of the American Enlightenment.

ФІЛОСОФСЬКА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРОЦЕСУ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ: ГЕНЕЗИС, СУТНІСТЬ, ЗМІСТ, ФОРМИ, РІВНІ ТА ВИДИ

Чень Ці — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents the philosophical characteristics of the intellectualization’s process, such as sources of intellectual energy, conditions for the realization of intellectual potential, genesis, essence, content, forms, levels and types of intellectual activity and types of its products. It is substantiated that the basis of the process of intellectualization is the natural person intelligence; the conditions forming the process are a subjective factor - the needs of the human biological organism; the objective factor is the requirements of the external environment, society. The nature of the process of planetary world intellectualization has an informational characteristic, which constitutes the flow of meaning generation to which a person connects with the help of the brain with its neural network. It has been proven that the essence of intellectual activity consists in the materialization of the content of meaning genesis divided into the formation of the meaning sphere of the individual and the external environment as a certain type of society. The content of a person’s intellectual activity is a set of sub-processes of spiritual origin: a system of functional organs (in the personality structure); a certain type of society with its own elements (depending on the level of development of human intelligence); change in the state of intelligence as a result of evolutionary maturation. The role of the intellectualization process: enriches the human biological organism with a meaningful field (thanks to it, it processes information into knowledge, appropriates and accumulates it as an intellectual potential, resource or capital); the personality of a person materializes in the structure of the personality into the content of the social world. The results of the intellectual process enter into organizational interaction, forming a social organism of civilizations. The dynamics of the intellectual process in the evolutionary dimension can be traced on the basis of the transition of the world community from one type of civilization to another with the improvement of the intellectual state of man and society according to selected criteria and indicators. The evolutionary transition of the planetary world from one type of civilization to another shows that the process of intellectualization is noogenesis.

ДИСФУНКЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ІНСТИТУТІВ ЗА УМОВ ОКУПАЦІЇ

О. С. Зубченко — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article decides the influence of the Russian occupation on the organization of social interactions in the temporarily captured territories of the Zaporizhia region. The author defines occupation as a temporary state of social life that arises as a result of the enemy occupying the territory of another state and is characterized by massive dysfunctions in the activities of social institutions, their transformation into a means of terror and enslavement, and a complete loss of thr social legitimacy. The main attention is paid to the study of dysfunctional manifestations in authority, money and educational relations. It is proven that the crisis in the activity of institutions occurs due to the ambiguity and contradiction of the goals imposed by the occupier, the decline of their prestige and authority due to the inclusion of extraneous social practices and random people in the institutional ties. The article characterizes collaborationism as a dysfunction in the political sphere, when the implementation of everyday management procedures leads to severe social consequences and the establishment of the power of the occupier. It is also stated that the forced introduction of the Russian ruble in the occupied territories has a non-economic logic and an exclusively propaganda purpose, entails a decrease in the standard of living of the population and a break in established economic ties. The particular danger of dysfunctional trends in the field of education, which is turned into a tool of repressive policy and the destruction of national identity. It is concluded that under the conditions of Russian occupation, the leading social institutions cease to fulfill the function of satisfying public needs and turn into tools of alienation from Ukraine of the residents of the captured regions.

ЯКІСТЬ ОСВІТИ В УМОВАХ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ СОЦІОЛОГІЧНОГО ОПИТУВАННЯ

І. Л. Мірчук, О. Я. Зелена — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

A comparative analysis of the quality of education was made in institution of higher education in Ukraine in the context of distance learning through the COVID-19 pandemic based on two waves of sociological research. Conducted at Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, research was entitled as «Academic integrity in the internal quality assurance system of education» in within the framework of the American Councils for International Education project «Initiative of Academic Integrity and Education Quality». The focus was made on separate indicators of educational quality, which determine the individual trajectory of the student, namely: the choice of disciplines, participation in the discussion of educational programs, student workload, workload of teachers. It is shown that the quality of education in higher education institutions depended on the information, technical skills and capabilities of educational subjects and well-established distance learning. Comparing the results, answers of respondents during the 2021/2022 second quarantine years showed an upward quality indicator of education trend. In particular, increased access to syllabuses, curricula, teaching materials and other documentation that provide the educational process at the university, increased opportunities for students to choose their own trajectory, increased the number of views of educational programs and involving students in this process. It is shown that the distance form of learning caused certain communication restrictions between students and teachers, which made it difficult to carry out joint activities, exchange ideas, experiences, emotions. It is noted that the results of surveys on the quality of the educational process during quarantine restrictions indicate the ability of teachers and students to adapt to the specifics of distance learning and confirm the need for continuous improvement of the educational process to ensure high academic standards.

ПОЛІТИКА УКРАЇНИ ЩОДО ФОРМУВАННЯ ЄДИНОЇ АВТОКЕФАЛЬНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ У ФОКУСІ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ

А. Р. Кобетяк — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines inter-religious and state-church relations in Ukraine during the period of independence, which has been updated by many factors and reasons. Modern vectors of the state government's policy in the religious sphere are analyzed. It is indicated that the historiography of the investigated problem is specific. It consists of several main blocks. In particular, the article examines the political, philosophical, religious, and theological aspects of state power policy in the context of the formation of the United Local Church. It is claimed that the problem of the formation of the United Orthodox Church in Ukraine is extremely acute today. This is a matter of national security, international recognition, consolidation of Ukrainian society, geopolitical influence, unification of self-identification of Ukrainian citizens and an important conflict-causing factor. It was determined that the involvement of churches in political processes is considered by scientists all over the world as a multifaceted problem. It is proved that in the 19th-20th centuries, when the "parade of autocephaly" took place in the Balkans, the issue of church autocephaly again came to the forefront of religious and political discussions. The key role was played by the national factor, which forms the basis of the independence of each of the Local churches. Autocephaly becomes exclusively political layering. The article claims that there is no generally accepted interpretation of the interdependence of the principle of the autocephalous status of churches in the Orthodox tradition. This led to a multifaceted policy of states with a dominant Orthodox population in relation to the church. It is noted that further scientific explorations of the religious policy of Ukraine and the Orthodox countries will complement the completed research, because the formation of the church is a dynamic process. It has been proven that state policy is always situational, accordingly, the interest of political scientists in the religious sphere will always have a high level of relevance.

ПОМСТА ЯК КОМПЛЕКС МЕНШОВАРТОСТІ ТА ЧИННИК РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ (2014–2022 РОКИ)

О. І. Павлов — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article highlights the problem of finding an adequate response to the challenge facing Ukraine and the entire civilized world caused by the Russian war against the free, peaceful Ukrainian people. Increasing military escalation against Ukraine over the past eight years, Russia has neglected international security, thus threatening the peaceful future of all mankind. Priority is given to revealing the geopolitical and mental basis of hate for peaceful people the Russian invaders. The aim of the study is to identify revenge as a complex of inferiority and a factor in Russia's war against Ukraine. To implement her, the following tasks were formulated: to identify the historical origins of n revenge; to reveal the place of the current stage in the development of the political course of the Russian Federation in relation to Ukraine; to diagnose the desire for revenge against Ukraine as a political and psychological phenomenon. The scientific novelty of the study is to determine, based on Adler's psychological theory and use the method of historical analogy, the essence and manifestations of revenge as a complex of inferiority which is a consequence not overcoming Russian population of sense of inferiority, of giving preference of behavior in the form of aggression against the Ukrainian people. The view of revenge from this point of view characterizes the atrocities of the Russian occupiers not so much as a way of punishing Ukrainians for imaginary insults and as a human vice, how as much as of one of the main factors in Russia's war against Ukraine. Analysis of Ukrainian-Russian relations in the post-Soviet era shows Russia's continued interest in keeping Ukraine in the orbit of its own geostrategic interests. A comparative analysis of the desire for revenge in the history of the neighboring state revealed the devastating consequences of such a behavioral line, which does not exclude the same consequences for the current stage of development of. At the very least, the nature of the Russian-Ukrainian war calls into question Russia's future as a federal state. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are made and prospects for further scientific research in this area are outlined, which are related to the justification of the need to build a new model of world order.

РОЛЬ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО МЕМУ В ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ВІЙНАХ

О. І. Свідерська — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

In the age of Web 2.0 and general digitalization, any political event can be discussed by anyone in the virtual world. Thanks to the feature that the Internet opens with one of the communicative strategies of information transfer at all levels. The vast majority of memes are transmitted on such social platforms as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram. Political memes are mostly based on humor, which allows you to ridicule or distort the attitude of society to a particular reality. It is determined that the term meme was coined by a biologist, is now the subject of research and is discussed in many disciplines to include psychology, philosophy, anthropology, folklore and linguistics, and ultimately the field of communication. It is proved that memes are able to build social noninstitutional norms, as well as act as a translator of information, including in a situation of information warfare. Memes also help determine the significance of the event for most citizens. In the context of the RussianUkrainian war, memes operate at several levels: mobilizing Ukraine's population to defeat the enemy, forming a positive image of the Armed Forces and political elite, creating a positive image of a country fighting for its own freedom and identity for international partners. demoralization of the enemy. The political meme begins with the normative world: "as it should be", and then reproduces reality. Emphasized: any contact interaction is a metaphor encoded in the visual image of the hero depicted in a political meme, inhibits rational thinking. The influence of such means on the consciousness of the individual is always indirect, which is why it does not cause resistance. It is usually impossible to verify the information we receive from political memes, but because of its simplicity and conciseness, it is easy for us to remember.

ДЕМОКРАТІЯ: ОДЕРЖИМІСТЬ ЧИ ПРИРЕЧЕНІСТЬ? (ДО 30-РІЧЧЯ ВИХОДУ «ВІДЖИВЛЕННЯ ДЕМОКРАТІЇ» ЖАНА-ФРАНСУА РЕВЕЛЯ)

М. А. Шульга — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to the thirtieth anniversary for paper publication “Revival of Democracy” (1992) by the French philosopher, political scientist JeanFrancois Revel. Its spotlight is Revel’s thesis concerning democracy as “ultimate form of human government”. What does irrevocability mean, what models of behavior does it involve, what does it oblige to? When “democratic euphoria” (Revel), then what can we do with four shortcomings, “distortions” of democracy – corruption, commercialization of policy, “democratic disappointment” and postulation of freedom both individualism and particularism. The said shortcomings in case of “democratic euphoria” shall be apprehended as unpleasant but inevitable and invincible addition to the democracy, which we have to take into account and, as far as possible, sick to extenuate them. As long as the “irrevocability” of democracy is our predestination to it, then we doom to doubt permanently in irrevocability of democracy as “the form of human government”, and prove constantly this irrevocability, including not evading certain themes-problems connected with this politeia. In particular, “what can be considered as fair election?”; “in what way freedom is correlated with a fact of electivity?”; “whether nondemocratic is totalitarian by default?”; “what to do when values defended for the sake of democracy are not always democratic?”; “what can be considered as inviolable principle freedoms of people?”; “what links are between sovereignty of a state and idea of human rights?”, or “in what way the doctrine of limited sovereignty can serve for democracy?”. Revel’s basic conclusion is in the fact that claims for universality on the part of the politeia shall be doomed for defeat without human efforts, just relying upon “automatic implantation” of democracy and habit of “proving through the future” of its “irrevocability”, and it shall lose both ability for improvement and capacity for resistance against new threats.

ІНСТИТУЦІОНАЛЬНА ТЕОРІЯ: У ПОШУКАХ РЕЦЕПТУ ЛЕГІТИМНОСТІ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ

Л. І. Яковлева — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article identifies the main approaches to the legitimacy of public power in terms of institutional theory. It has been noted that regarding the formation of the theory of legitimacy of public power, the development of institutional theory has gone through several stages. They are related to the expansion of the research field of institutionalists. From focusing on the state and bureaucracy at the initial stage (classical institutionalism), the representatives of institutional theory shifted to the study of the legitimacy of social and political order ("old" institutionalism) and the definition of optimal institutional design and effective interinstitutional interaction ("new" institutionalism). The resurgence of interest in the institutional dimension of politics and the institutional foundations of the legitimacy of public power is associated with the crisis of behaviorism and the theory of rational choice. It has been noted that the attention of institutionalists to the state and bureaucracy (according to the Weberian tradition) has allowed determining the conditions of legality and legitimacy for the functioning of state power. In the future, institutionalism has significantly expanded its research field, including interest in the institution of mass media, political parties, the institutionalization of civil society, etc. The institutional approach determines the legitimacy not only of individual politicians or institutions but also the legitimacy of the social and political order. The genesis of institutional theory on the problem of legitimacy is linked to the transition from the problem of "the legitimacy of political institutions" to the definition of "institutions of legitimacy." Institutionalists speak about institutions and organizations in ensuring the legitimacy of public power and determine the optimal institutional design, etc. The following visions of the recipes for the legitimacy of public power are among the current trends of "new" institutionalism. For historical institutionalism, it is a dependence on the traveled path; for institutionalism of rational choice, it is opportunistic behavior and the search for rent; sociological institutionalism emphasizes the importance of interinstitutional cooperation for the public good.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ВИХОДУ З ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ ЯК ЧИННИК ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ПАРТІЙ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ

В. І. Митрощенко — Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the socio-economic prerequisites for leaving the European Union as a factor in the activities of the political parties of Great Britain, in particular the global economic crisis and the European migration crisis. It is emphasized that the current state of the development of the party system of Great Britain is characterized by the gradual formation of fundamentally new conditions for finding a balance between the strategic European integration paradigm and the disintegration processes associated with the practical implementation of the exit from the European Union (hereinafter - the EU), which has received an established designation in the political science literature Brexit (or in the Ukrainian transcription – "Brexit"). At the same time, the specified process of the state's exit from the EU, which became the first such precedent since the creation of this regional integration association, has a complete system of objective and subjective prerequisites that determined the specified trends, among other things, at the level of the functioning of political parties , including transformational changes in the content of their ideology, programs and pre-election platforms, aimed at reflecting real public needs and electoral expectations. It is noted that the global economic crisis, one of the largest manifestations of which was the European debt crisis in the euro currency zone, as well as the European migration crisis. It was determined that the European integration processes in the economic sphere in the British public and party consciousness entered into a certain contradiction with the concept of the absolute sovereignty of the parliament and the idea of the "special path" of Great Britain, which was never integrated into the common structures of the EU on an identical level with the vast majority of continental countries. member states, which became one of the factors of the strengthening of disintegration tendencies both in the activities of the main political parties (Conservative and Labor), and the emergence and electoral strengthening of secondary parties of a populist socio-economic orientation (such as, for example, Reform UK as the legal successor of the Brexit party). It is shown that the pre-election manifestos of the ruling Conservative Party from 2010 to the present have undergone significant economization and are primarily aimed at solving socio-economic problems, some of which are directly related to the reverse side of deepened European integration (such as illegal migration, the need to protect national interests and support of national producers of goods, significant currency fluctuations and fluctuations in the securities market, etc.).